Triple-A (or Class AAA) refers to the highest level of play in minor league baseball. Each of the 30 Major League Baseball teams is affiliated with one Triple-A team. Teams at this level are divided into two leagues: the International League and the Pacific Coast League.
These teams usually hold the remaining 15 players of the 40 man roster who are not eligible to be on the major league club. Often referred to as a "parking lot" because many quality major league players (especially if they chose to sign with some of MLB's worst teams) are held in reserve at the minor league level for major league emergencies (since they would not have to clear waivers to be called up). Still, some of the top prospects might be assigned here if they are not quite ready for the major leagues, with a view towards being called up later in the season.
Players at this level who are on the 40-man roster of a major league team can be invited to come up to the major league club once the major league roster expands on September 1 (though teams will usually wait until their affiliates' playoff runs are over, should they qualify). For teams in contention for a pennant, it gives them fresh arms and bats. For those not in contention, it gives them an opportunity to evaluate their "next best" players for the next season under game conditions.
Triple-A cities[]
Teams are generally located in or near major cities that often (but not always) hold a team in some other professional sport, such as an NFL football or an NBA basketball franchise. The 30 cities that are home to Triple-A teams are:[1]
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Current teams[]
International League[]
The International League (IL) is a minor league baseball league which operates in the eastern United States and Canada. Like the Pacific Coast League, it plays at the Triple-A level, which is one step below Major League Baseball. The league was created from the mergers of member teams from three precursor leagues, the Eastern League, founded in 1884, the New York State League, formed in 1885, and the Ontario League, also organized in 1885. The New York State and Ontario Leagues merged in 1886 to form the International League, and in 1887 when the Eastern League was absorbed to create a 10-club league.
The league collapsed soon afterwards, when the northern teams claimed that it was too onerous to travel to the south, and formed the International Association. Teams and league names came and went over the years. In 1954, a franchise was awarded to Havana, Cuba, but it had to be moved in the middle of the 1960 season because of political upheaval in that country. It was moved to Jersey City, New Jersey. Another foray into the Caribbean failed when the newly-created team in San Juan, Puerto Rico, added in 1961, had to be moved to Charleston, West Virginia in mid-season.
In 1971, an International League all-star team beat the New York Yankees in an exhibition game in Rochester, New York, before 11,000 people. In 1984, the all-stars lost to the Cleveland Indians in 11 innings before 11,032 fans in Columbus, Ohio to commemorate the league's 100th Anniversary.
In 1988, the International League and the American Association, another Triple-A league which operated in the Midwest, voted to play interleague games. The league also split into two divisions in the same year. The interleague concept ended in 1992, but the two league divisions remained.
In 1998, with the addition of three new teams from the disbanded American Association and the Durham Bulls moving up to Triple-A from Class-A, the league reorganized into three divisions, the North Division, South Division, and West Division.
At the end of each season, the three divisional leaders and a wild card team square-off in best-of-5 playoffs, with the winning team of the finals awarded the Governors' Cup, the league's championship trophy.
Current Member Teams and Stadiums[]
Current teams[[[International League|edit]]] as of July 8, 2022[]
Current teams[edit][]
| Division | Team | Founded | MLB Affiliation | Affiliated Since | City | Stadium | Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East | Buffalo Bisons | 1979 | Toronto Blue Jays | 2013 | Buffalo, New York | Sahlen Field | 16,600 |
| Charlotte Knights | 1976 | Chicago White Sox | 1999 | Charlotte, North Carolina | Truist Field | 10,200 | |
| Durham Bulls | 1902 | Tampa Bay Rays | 1998 | Durham, North Carolina | Durham Bulls Athletic Park | 10,000 | |
| Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp | 1962 | Miami Marlins | 2021 | Jacksonville, Florida | 121 Financial Ballpark | 11,000 | |
| Lehigh Valley IronPigs | 2008 | Philadelphia Phillies | 2007 | Allentown, Pennsylvania | Coca-Cola Park | 10,100 | |
| Norfolk Tides | 1961 | Baltimore Orioles | 2007 | Norfolk, Virginia | Harbor Park | 11,856 | |
| Rochester Red Wings | 1899 | Washington Nationals | 2021 | Rochester, New York | Innovative Field | 10,840 | |
| Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders | 1989 | New York Yankees | 2007 | Moosic, Pennsylvania | PNC Field | 10,000 | |
| Syracuse Mets | 1934 | New York Mets | 2019 | Syracuse, New York | NBT Bank Stadium | 10,815 | |
| Worcester Red Sox | 2021 | Boston Red Sox | 2021 | Worcester, Massachusetts | Polar Park | 9,508 | |
| West | Columbus Clippers | 1977 | Cleveland Guardians | 2009 | Columbus, Ohio | Huntington Park | 10,100 |
| Gwinnett Stripers | 2009 | Atlanta Braves | 2009 | Lawrenceville, Georgia | Coolray Field | 10,427 | |
| Indianapolis Indians | 1902 | Pittsburgh Pirates | 2005 | Indianapolis, Indiana | Victory Field | 13,750 | |
| Iowa Cubs | 1969 | Chicago Cubs | 1981 | Des Moines, Iowa | Principal Park | 11,500 | |
| Louisville Bats | 1982 | Cincinnati Reds | 2000 | Louisville, Kentucky | Louisville Slugger Field | 13,131 | |
| Memphis Redbirds | 1998 | St. Louis Cardinals | 1998 | Memphis, Tennessee | AutoZone Park | 10,000 | |
| Nashville Sounds | 1978 | Milwaukee Brewers | 2021 | Nashville, Tennessee | First Horizon Park | 10,000 | |
| Omaha Storm Chasers | 1969 | Kansas City Royals | 1969 | Papillion, Nebraska | Werner Park | 9,023 | |
| St. Paul Saints | 1993 | Minnesota Twins | 2021 | Saint Paul, Minnesota | CHS Field | 7,210 | |
| Toledo Mud Hens | 1965 | Detroit Tigers | 1987 | Toledo, Ohio | Fifth Third Field | 10,300 |
See also[]
- List of International League champions
- Sports league attendances
- Triple-A World Series
- Governors' Cup
- List of defunct International League teams (1912-)
- A list of defunct team from International, Eastern, New York State, International Assn and
Eastern Assn teams from 1884 to the present day. (Some data be may be out of date.)
'International (1886, 1890)(A 1887)(AA 1913-45)'(AAA 1946+)
Eastern (1884)(A 1892-1908) (AA 1909-11)
New York' 'State' (1885)
International Assn (A 1888-89)
'Eastern Assn' (A 1891)
Akron, OH: 1920
Albany, NY: 1885, 1888, 1891-93, 1932-36
Allentown, PA: 1884
Little Rock "Arkansas": 1963
Atlanta, GA: 1962-65
Baltimore, MD: 1903-14, 1916-53
Baltimore/Lancaster, MD/PA: 1884
Baltimore/Harrisburg, MD/PA: 1915
Binghamton, NY: 1885-87, 1892-94, 1918-19
Binghamton/Allentown, NY/PA: 1894
Brooklyn, NY: 1884
Buffalo, NY: 1886-89, 1891-98, 1901-69
Buffalo/Montreal/Grand Rapids, NY/Que/MI: 1890
Buffalo/Winnipeg, NY/Man: 1970
Charleston, WV: 1971-83
Charlotte, NC: 1993+
Columbus, OH: 1955-70, 1977+
Detroit, MI: 1889-90
Elmira, NY: 1885, 1892
Erie, PA: 1893-94
Lawrenceville "Gwinnett County”: 2009
Hamilton, Ont: 1886-89, 1918
Hamilton/Montreal/Grand Rapids, Ont/Que/MI: 1890
Harrisburg, PA: 1884
Harrisburg/York, PA: 1884
Hartford, CT: 1899-1901
Havana, Cuba: 1954-59
Havana/Jersey City, Cuba/NJ: 1960
Indianapolis, IN: 1963
Jacksonville, FL: 1962-68
Jersey City, NJ: 1887, 1902-15, 1918-33, 1937-50, 1961
Lebanon, PA: 1891
Allentown “Lehigh Valley”: 2008-Present
London, Ont: 1888-90
Louisville, KY: 1968-72
Portland "Maine": 1984-88
Memphis, TN: 1974-76
Miami, FL: 1956-60
Montreal, Que: 1898-1902, 1904-17, 1928-60
Newark, NJ: 1884, 1887, 1916-19, 1921-49
Newark/Harrisburg, NJ/PA: 1915
Newark/Providence, NJ/RI: 1925
New Haven, CT: 1891-92
Norfolk, VA: 1993+
Oswego, NY: 1885-87
Oswego/Scranton, NY/PA: 1887
Ottawa, Ont: 1951-54, 1993-2007
Pawtucket, RI: 1973-75, 1978+
Hampton "Peninsula": 1972-73
Philadelphia, PA: 1892
Providence, RI: 1891-1917
Reading, PA: 1919-20
Reading/Albany, PA/NY: 1932
Providence “Rhode Island”: 1976
Richmond, VA: 1884, 1915-17, 1954-64, 1966+
Rochester, NY: 1885-89, 1891-92, 1895-96, 1898-Present
Rochester/Montreal, NY/Que: 1897
Saginaw, MI: 1890
San Juan/Charleston, P.R./WVA: 1961
Scranton, PA: 1895-97
“Scranton-Wilkes Barre”, PA: 1989+
Springfield, MA: 1893-1900, 1950-53
Syracuse, NY: 1885-89, 1891-92, 1894-1900, 1920-27, 1935-55, 1961-Present
Syracuse/Brockton: NY/MA: 1901
Syracuse/Hamilton: NY/Ont: 1918
Syracuse/Utica, NY: 1894
Norfolk “Tidewater”: 1969-92
Toledo, OH: 1889, 1965-Present
Toronto, Ont: 1886-90, 1895, 1897-1922, 1924-67
Toronto/Albany, Ont/NY: 1896
Trenton, NJ: 1884
Troy, NY: 1888, 1891-94
Troy/Scranton, NY/PA: 1894
Utica, NY: 1885-87
Wilkes-Barre, PA: 1893-98
Wilmington, DE: 1884
Winnipeg, Man: 1971
Worcester, MA: 1899-1900, 1902
Worcester/Montreal, MA/Que: 1902
External links[]
| International League | ||||
| North Division | South Division | West Division | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buffalo Bisons | Ottawa Lynx | Pawtucket Red Sox | Rochester Red Wings | Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees | Syracuse Chiefs | Charlotte Knights | Durham Bulls | Norfolk Tides | Richmond Braves | Columbus Clippers | Indianapolis Indians | Louisville Bats | Toledo Mud Hens | ||
| Professional Baseball | |
| Americas | |
| Major League Baseball | American League • National League |
| Minor League Baseball | *Triple A : International League • Mexican League • Pacific Coast League
|
| Mexican League Affilates | *Double A : Nothern Mexico League
|
| Winter | *Affilliated: Arizona Fall League • Dominican Winter Baseball League • Mexican Pacific League • Parallel Leaguee • Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
|
| Defunct | *Major :National Association • American Association • Union Association • Player's League •
Federal League • Negro League baseball • All-American Girls Professional Baseball League • Continental League • Cuban League • National Association of Base Ball Players
|
| Asia | |
| Japan | Nippon Professional Baseball : Central League • Pacific League
|
| South Korea | Korea Professional Baseball
|
| Taiwan | Chinese Professional Baseball League |
| China | China Baseball League |
| Defunct | Japanese Baseball League • Taiwan Major League • Israel Baseball League |
| Europe | |
| Italy | Italian Baseball League |
| Netherlands | Honkbal Hoofdklasse |
| Oceania | |
| Australia | Australian Baseball |
| Defunct | Australian Baseball (1989-1999) • International Baseball League of Australia • Hawaii Winter Baseball |
Pacific Coast League[]
| Triple-A | |
|---|---|
| |
| Sport | Baseball |
| Founded | 1903 |
| No. of teams | 16 |
| Country |  United States
|
| Current champions | Tacoma Rainiers |
| Official website | www.pclbaseball.com |
The Pacific Coast League (PCL) is a minor league baseball league operating in the West and Midwest of the United States. It is one of two leagues, along with the International League, playing at the AAA level, which is the highest level below the American major leagues.
History[]
The PCL has had a long tradition on the West Coast, with teams with evocative names such as the Hollywood Stars, Los Angeles Angels, Mission Reds (representing San Francisco's Mission District), Oakland Oaks, Portland Beavers, Sacramento Solons, San Diego Padres, San Francisco Seals, and Seattle Rainiers.
A Near-Major League[]
In the early 20th century, the Pacific Coast League developed into one of the premier regional baseball leagues. With no Major League Baseball team existing west of St. Louis, the PCL was unrivalled as the vehicle for West Coast baseball. Although never recognized as a true major league, the quality of play was considered very high. Drawing from a strong pool of talent in the area, the PCL produced a number of outstanding players, including future major-league stars Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Tony Lazzeri, Paul Waner, Earl Averill and Ernie Lombardi.
While many PCL stars went on to play in the major leagues, teams in the league were often successful enough that they could offer competitive salaries to avoid being outbid for their stars' services. In addition, the mild climate of the West Coast, especially in California, allowed the league to play longer seasons, sometimes starting in late February and ending as late as the beginning of December. This let players earn an extra month or two worth of pay and reduced the need to find offseason work, something which even some major league players found necessary because of the low salaries, by today's standards, paid to many players. The longer playing season also provided room for additional games on the schedule, giving team owners a chance at generating more revenue. Teams sometimes played over 200 games in a single season. One consequence is that a number of the all-time minor league records for season statistical totals are held by players from the PCL.
In 1952, the PCL became the only minor league in history to be given the "open" classification, a step above the AAA level. This limited the rights of major league clubs to draft players from the PCL, and was seen as a step toward the circuit becoming a third major league.
Sudden Decline[]
The shift to the Open classification came just as minor league teams from coast to coast suffered a sharp drop in attendance, primarily due to the availability of major league games on television. The hammer blow to the PCL's major league dreams came in 1958, when the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles and the New York Giants moved to San Francisco. As a result, three of the PCL's flagship teams (the Los Angeles Angels, the Hollywood Stars, and the San Francisco Seals) were immediately forced to relocate to smaller markets. Additionally, the PCL did not benefit from the comparison with the major leagues, which now occupied the same territory and drew away much of the attention of its former fans. The league never recovered from this blow. It reverted to AAA classification, and soon diminished in the public eye to nothing more than another minor league.
Of the cities represented in the PCL in its heyday, only Salt Lake City, Portland and Sacramento remain, and even these are represented by different franchises than those that had originally called these cities home. The Oakland Oaks had moved to Canada two years before the arrival of the Giants. The San Diego Padres and Seattle Rainiers were displaced by Major League teams in 1968, but by this time the PCL's decline was already far advanced.
Recent Expansion[]
In 1997, the Pacific Coast League agreed to take teams from the disbanding American Association, which had operated in the Midwest. The league now stretches from western Washington to Middle Tennessee. The league is divided into two conferences, the American Conference and Pacific Conference; after a realignment for 2005 necessitated by the move of the Edmonton Trappers to Round Rock, Texas, each is divided into a Northern Division and a Southern Division. The Trappers' move also ended the league's presence in Canada; as recently as 1999 the league had teams north of the border in Vancouver, Calgary and Edmonton, but they left for Sacramento in 2000, Albuquerque in 2003 and Round Rock in 2005 respectively. In 2005, the Pacific Coast League became the first minor league ever to achieve a season attendance over 7 million.
Current teams[]
<onlyinclude>
Current teams[edit][]
| Division | Team | Founded | MLB Affiliation | Affiliated Since | City | Stadium | Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East | Albuquerque Isotopes | 2003 | Colorado Rockies | 2015 | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Rio Grande Credit Union Field at Isotopes Park | 13,500 |
| El Paso Chihuahuas | 2014 | San Diego Padres | 2014 | El Paso, Texas | Southwest University Park | 9,500 | |
| Oklahoma City Dodgers | 1962 | Los Angeles Dodgers | 2015 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark | 9,000 | |
| Round Rock Express | 2000 | Texas Rangers | 2021 | Round Rock, Texas | Dell Diamond | 11,631 | |
| Sugar Land Space Cowboys | 2012 | Houston Astros | 2021 | Sugar Land, Texas | Constellation Field | 7,500 | |
| West | Las Vegas Aviators | 1983 | Oakland Athletics | 2019 | Summerlin South, Nevada | Las Vegas Ballpark | 10,000 |
| Reno Aces | 2009 | Arizona Diamondbacks | 2009 | Reno, Nevada | Greater Nevada Field | 9,013 | |
| Sacramento River Cats | 2000 | San Francisco Giants | 2015 | West Sacramento, California | Sutter Health Park | 14,014 | |
| Salt Lake Bees | 1994 | Los Angeles Angels | 2001 | Salt Lake City, Utah | Smith's Ballpark | 14,511 | |
| Tacoma Rainiers | 1960 | Seattle Mariners | 1995 | Tacoma, Washington | Cheney Stadium | 6,500 |
2006 Standings[]
Final Standings for 2006
American Conference[]
| Northern Division | W | L | Win % | GB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nashville Sounds | 76 | 68 | .528 | --- |
| Iowa Cubs | 76 | 68 | .528 | --- |
| Memphis Redbirds | 58 | 86 | .403 | 18.0 |
| Omaha Royals | 53 | 91 | .368 | 23.0 |
| Southern Division | W | L | Win % | GB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Round Rock Express | 85 | 59 | .590 | --- |
| Oklahoma RedHawks | 74 | 70 | .514 | 11.0 |
| New Orleans Zephyrs | 72 | 71 | .503 | 12.5 |
| Albuquerque Isotopes | 70 | 72 | .493 | 14.0 |
Pacific Conference[]
| Northern Division | W | L | Win % | GB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salt Lake Bees | 81 | 63 | .563 | --- |
| Tacoma Rainiers | 74 | 70 | .514 | 7 |
| Portland Beavers | 68 | 76 | .472 | 13.0 |
| Colorado Springs Sky Sox | 66 | 77 | .462 | 14.5 |
| Southern Division | W | L | Win % | GB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tucson Sidewinders | 91 | 53 | .632 | --- |
| Sacramento River Cats | 78 | 66 | .542 | 13.0 |
| Las Vegas 51s | 67 | 77 | .465 | 24.0 |
| Fresno Grizzlies | 61 | 83 | .424 | 30.0 |
1903-1957 Teams[]
- Hollywood Stars (1938-1957) → Salt Lake Bees (1958-1965) → Tacoma Rainiers
- Los Angeles Angels (1903-1957) → Spokane Indians (1958-1970) → Albuquerque Dukes (1971-1999) → Portland Beavers
- Oakland Oaks (1903-1955) → Vancouver Mounties (1956-1969) → Salt Lake City Gulls (1970-1984) → Calgary Cannons (1985-2002) → Albuquerque Isotopes
- Portland Beavers (1903-1972) → Spokane Indians (1973-1982) → Las Vegas 51s
- Sacramento Solons (1903-1960) → Hawaii Islanders (1961-1986) → Colorado Springs Sky Sox
- San Diego Padres (1936-1968) moved from Hollywood
- San Francisco Seals (1903-1957) → Phoenix Firebirds (1958-1997) → Fresno Grizzlies
- Seattle Rainiers (1903-1968)
- Salt Lake Bees (1915-1925) → Hollywood Stars (1926-1935) → San Diego Padres
- Vernon Tigers (1909-1925) → Mission Reds (1926-1937) → Hollywood Stars
Present Franchise Genealogy[]
The roots of many of today's Pacific Coast League teams can be traced back to "classic" PCL franchises. as of 2019
- Calgary Cannons 1985-2002
- Salt Lake Gulls 1975-84
- Salt Lake Angels 1970-74
- Vancouver Mounties 1965-69
- Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers 1962-64
- Vancouver Mounties 1956-61
- Oakland Oaks 1903-55
- Hawaii Islanders 1961-86
- Sacramento Solons 1918-60
- Portland Beavers 1905-17
- Portland Giants 1904
- Portland Browns 1903
- Phoenix Firebirds 1986-97
- Phoenix Giants 1966-85
- Tacoma Giants 1960-65
- Phoenix Giants 1958-59
- San Francisco Seals 1903-57
- Las Vegas Stars 1983-2000
- Spokane Indians 1973-82
- Portland Beavers 1915-72
- Tucson Sidewinders 1998-2009
- Tucson Toros 1969-97
- Seattle Angels 1965-68
- Seattle Rainiers 1938-64
- Seattle Indians 1919-37
- Edmonton Trappers 1981-2004
- Ogden A's 1979-80
- San Jose Missions 1977-78
- Sacramento Solons 1974-77
- Eugene Emeralds 1969-73
- San Diego Padres 1936-68
- Hollywood Stars 1926-35
- Salt Lake Bees 1915-25
- Sacramento Sacts 1909-14
- Tacoma Tigers 1980-94
- Tacoma Tugs 1979
- Tacoma Yankees 1978
- Tacoma Twins 1972-77
- Tacoma Cubs 1966-71
- Salt Lake Bees 1958-65
- Hollywood Stars 1938-57
- Mission Reds 1926-37
- Vernon (and Venice) Tigers 1909-25
- Portland Beavers 2000-10
- Albuquerque Dukes 1971-99
- Spokane Indians 1958-70
- Los Angeles Angels 1903-57
Presidents of the PCL[]
- 1903-1906 Eugene F. Bert
- 1907-1909 J. Cal Ewing
- 1910-1911 Judge Thomas F. Graham
- 1912-1919 Allan T. Baum
- 1920-1923 William H. McCarthy
- 1924-1931 Harry A. Williams
- 1932-1935 Hyland H. Baggerly
- 1936-1943 William C. Tuttle
- 1944-1954 Clarence H. Rowland
- 1955-1955 Claire V. Goodwin
- 1956-1959 Leslie M. O’ Connor
- 1960-1968 Dewey Soriano
- 1968-1973 William B. McKechnie, Jr.
- 1974-1978 Roy Jackson
- 1979-1997 William S. Cutler
- 1998-Present Branch B. Rickey
See also[]
- Pacific Coast League champions
- Triple-A World Series
- Sports league attendances
- List of defunct PCL teams
External links[]
| Professional Baseball | |
| Americas | |
| Major League Baseball | American League • National League |
| Minor League Baseball | *Triple A : International League • Mexican League • Pacific Coast League
|
| Mexican League Affilates | *Double A : Nothern Mexico League
|
| Winter | *Affilliated: Arizona Fall League • Dominican Winter Baseball League • Mexican Pacific League • Parallel Leaguee • Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
|
| Defunct | *Major :National Association • American Association • Union Association • Player's League •
Federal League • Negro League baseball • All-American Girls Professional Baseball League • Continental League • Cuban League • National Association of Base Ball Players
|
| Asia | |
| Japan | Nippon Professional Baseball : Central League • Pacific League
|
| South Korea | Korea Professional Baseball
|
| Taiwan | Chinese Professional Baseball League |
| China | China Baseball League |
| Defunct | Japanese Baseball League • Taiwan Major League • Israel Baseball League |
| Europe | |
| Italy | Italian Baseball League |
| Netherlands | Honkbal Hoofdklasse |
| Oceania | |
| Australia | Australian Baseball |
| Defunct | Australian Baseball (1989-1999) • International Baseball League of Australia • Hawaii Winter Baseball |
Triple-A All-Star Game[]
- Main article: Triple-A All-Star Game
The Triple-A All-Star Game is a single game held between the both Triple-A leagues. Each league fields a team composed of the top stars in their respective leagues as voted on by fans, the media, and club field managers and general managers.
The event has taken place every year since 1988 when the first Triple-A All-Star Game was played in Buffalo, New York. Prior to 1998, a team of American League Triple-A All-Stars faced off against a team of National League Triple-A All-Stars. Traditionally, the game has taken place on the day after the mid-summer Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
Bricktown Showdown[]
- Main article: Bricktown Showdown
Since 2006, the annual Bricktown Showdown has been held to serve as a single championship game between the champions of the International League and Pacific Coast League to determine an overall champion of Triple-A baseball. It is held annually at AT&T Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[2]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ "Triple-A Baseball Markets." Triple-A Baseball. Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
- ↑ "Bricktown Showdown To Determine Triple-A Baseball Champion." Triple-A Baseball. Press Release. 12 July 2006.